information and fact

SYMPTOMS:
Women with breast cancer, may be experiencing the following symptoms.
Sometimes even in his body has grown to cancer she did not feel any symptoms.
Or it could also indicate body the symptoms but not for breast cancer, but due to other medical conditions.

If a woman has symptoms below and feel very worried, you should immediately see a doctor.
As for the signs or symptoms include:

* There is a hard lump in the breast
* The nipple changes (can be entered into, or constant pain), issued a fluid / blood
* There are changes in the breast such as wrinkled skin, irritation, such as orange peel
* There is a small bump-bump
* There is a difficult wounds healed on breast
* Breast is hot, flushed and swollen
* Feels sick / pain (this could also not sick because of cancer, but it still must watch out)
* Feels very itchy area around the nipple
* A hard lump that does not move (fixed). and usually in the early-first did not feel sick
* If the lump is cancer, usually beginning at 1 breast

CAUSES OF BREAST CANCER:

Certainly not yet known, could only be marked in women who have risk factors below:

* Age above 30 years (currently, under 20 years has also been found in breast cancer)
* History in the family have had breast cancer (now this is not absolute because no family history can also be affected)
* Have a history of tumor
* Menstruation too young or menopausal age above 50 years
* Not married / not breastfeeding
* Maternity petama children over the age of 35 years
* Frequently exposed to radiation (Can of frequent medical examinations by using X-ray)
* A diet with excessive fat consumption
* Obesity
* Consumption of excessive alcohol
* Obtain the long-term hormonal therapy
* Stress
* Genetic factors (BRCA1/BRCA2)

Diagnose HOW BREAST CANCER:
Doctors use a variety of ways to diagnose breast cancer and to determine whether there was metastasis to other organs. Some tests are also useful to determine the most efective treatment for patients. Most of the type of cancer, a biopsy (take a bit of networking, for an examination under a microscope by a pathologist) is the only way to determine with certainty the diagnosis of cancer. If the biopsy is not possible, your doctor may suggest other tests to help diagnose. Imaging tests may be used to discover whether metastasis has occurred.

Your doctor will consider the following factors, when it will decide a diagnostic test:

* The age and medical condition of patients
* Type of cancer
* Severity of symptoms
* Previous test results

Test diagnosis of breast cancer usually begins when the woman or doctors found a mass or abnormal hardening (a small point of calcium, usually seen on the X-ray), at a screening mammogram. Or it could be one that is not normal in the female breast was found on clinical examination or self examination. Some tests may be done to ensure the diagnosis of breast cancer. Not at all will be done throughout the following tests:

Imaging TEST:

Diagnostic mammography.
Same with mammography screening only on this test more pictures that can be taken. Usually used in women with signs, such as a liquid or there are putting out a new lump. Diagnostic mammography may also be used if anything suspicious was found during a screening mammogram.

mammogram.jpg

Ultrasound (USG)
An ultrasound examination is to use high-frequency sound waves to obtain images of the breast tissue. High sound waves can distinguish a solid mass, the possibility of cancer, and cysts filled with fluid, which likely is not cancer.

ultrasound.jpg

MRI
MRI uses magnetic rather than X-rays, to produce images (picture) detail of the body. MRI can be used, if once a woman has been diagnosed to have cancer, then to mencheck other breast MRI can be used. But this is not absolute. Could also to the American Cancer Society screening only.according to (ACS), women who have high risk of developing breast cancer, such as for example in women with BRCA gene mutation or multiple family members affected by breast cancer, should also get an MRI, along with mammography.MRI usually better in view of a collection of small mass in the breast that may not be visible during an ultrasound or mammogram. Especially in women who have dense breast tissue. MRI weaknesses also exist, sometimes dense tissue seen on MRI during non-cancerous, or even an MRI can not show it as a dense network of in  breast cancer then more must be done to ensure the biopsy.

TEST WITH SURGERY

Biopsy
A test may indicate the possibility of cancer, but only a biopsy can provide a diagnosis with certainty. Biopsy specimen was taken from, by a pathologist (a specialist doctor who specializes in translating laboratory tests and evaluating cells, tissues, organs to determine the disease)

* Image guided biopsy is used when a suspicious lump is not palpable. That can be done by Fine Needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB, uses a small needle to take a tissue sample). Stereotactic core biopsy (using X-ray to determine which network will be taken) or vacuum-assisted biopsy (using a thick needle to extract some kind of broad core network). In performing this procedure, a needle biopsy to get to the area in question, assisted by mammography, ultrasound or MRI. A small metal clip may be placed on the part of the breast biopsy will be done. In this case if it proves the existence of cancerous tissue, then immediately held an additional operation. The advantage of this technique is that patients only need one surgery to determine the treatment and determine the stage.

* Core biopsy can determine the network. FNAB can determine the cell of a palpable mass, and these can then be analyzed to determine the presence of cancer cells.

Fine-needle needle biopsy.jpg sentinel-node biopsy Sentinel node biopsy-biopsy.jpg

* Surgical biopsy (biopsy with surgery) took a number of large incisional .Biopsy can (take a portion of the lump) or excisional (taking the entire lump).

lumpectomy-or-open-biopsy.jpg lumpectomy biopsy

When diagnosed with cancer, further surgery may be required to get a clear margin area (the area around the tumor tissue which has been confirmed clear of cancer cells) are likely, all took the network nodes.

Tissue obtained from biopsy would also be tested by a doctor to determine medical treatment.Test to see:

* The characteristics of the tumor. Are Invasive tumor (usually spread) or in situ (usually does not spread). Ductal (in the milk ducts) or lobular (in the milk glands). Grade (how much difference the cancer cells from healthy cells) and whether cancerous cells have spread to blood vessels or lymph vessels. Margin of tumor is also observed.

* Estrogen Receptor (ER) and Progesterone Receptor (PR) test. Breast cancer cells if the receptor is known to contain ER positive (+) and PR (+) means that cancer cells are growing because these hormones. Usually held terapy hormone (to be discussed separately).

* Test HER2 neu. (C-erb2). The presence of excessive protein HER2. On average 25% of cancer patients. By knowing the HER2 status (positive or negative) can then be determined whether patients would be treated by using a drug called trastuzumab (Herceptin) or not. (About Herceptin will be discussed separately)

* Genetic Description of the Tumor.Test by viewing elements of tumor biology, to understand more about breast cancer. Oncotype DX is a test to measure how far relapse risk.

BLOOD TEST
Blood tests are also needed to further explore the condition of cancer. All the tests were, among others:

* Level Hemoglobin (HB): to find out the amount of oxygen inside red blood cells
* Level hematocrit: to know the percentage of red blood in the whole body
* The number of white blood cells: to help fight infection
* Number of thrombocyte (to help blood clotting)
* Differential (percentage of the number of white blood cells)

TOTAL alkaline phosphatase
High amount of enzyme that can indicate the spread of cancer to the liver, bile ducts and liver and bone.

SGOT & SGPT
This test to evaluate liver function. High numbers of one of these tests indicate the existence of damage to the liver, could be a signal of the spread to the liver

Marker TUMOR TEST
To see if there is a type of chemical substance found in blood, urine or tissue. Given the number of tumor markers that are too high or too low from normal values, indicating an abnormal process in body. Could be caused by cancer, could also not. In breast cancer tumor marker CA 15.3 is usually done by taking blood samples. In the standard tumor marker PRODIA should not exceed 30 digits

OTHER TEST-TEST
Other tests commonly performed for breast cancer are:

* Photos Thorax To determine whether the existing distribution-lung

* Bone scan to find out if cancer has spread to the bone. On bone scan, the patient was injected radioactive tracer in a vein. where the latter will gather in the bone showed abnormalities of cancer. The distance between the injection and execution of bone scan approximately 3-4 hours. During that patients are encouraged to drink as much as possible. The result is visible is a complete bone-sectional images of the front and rear. Bone showed abnormalities color will look darker than normal bone.

* Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan.to  see in detail where the tumor. Here the patient is also injected radioactive tracer in a vein, but more so the volume is virtually identical to infusion. After injected CT-scan can be done immediately. CT-scan will create three-dimensional images of body parts taken from different angles. The results will be seen a cross-section images of the body part being scanned 3-dimensional.

* Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan.for  see if the cancer had PET scans spread.Dalam liquids containing radioactive glucose is injected in patients. Cancer cells will absorb the liquid glucose is faster than normal cells. That will show the color contrast on the PET scan. PET scans are usually used as a complement to data from the CTscan, MRI and physical examination

From: “People Living With Cancer”

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